A solar particle event or solar proton event (SPE), or prompt proton event, occurs when particles emitted by the Sun, mostly protons, become accelerated either in the solar atmosphere during a solar flare or in interplanetary space by a coronal mass ejection shock. Other nuclei such as helium and HZE ions may also be accelerated during the event. These particles can penetrate the Earth's magnetic field and cause partial ionization of the ionosphere. Energetic protons are a significant radiation hazard to spacecraft and astronauts.
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